A new bipolar electrode for electromyography1

Journal/Book: Reprinted from JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY Vul. 17 No. 5 September 1962. 1962;

Abstract: REFERENCES 1. BASMAJIAN J. V. Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1962 p. I8. 2. ADRIAN E. D. AND D. W. BRONK. .J. Physiol. London 67: I I9 1929 Department of Anatomy Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada Received for publication 26 April 1962. 1 This research was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada. INTRAMUSCULAR ELECTRODES for electromyography must combine a maximum of reliability with a minimum of discomfort and a number of useful ones have been developed and used in the past (I). The most widely used have been bipolar concentric needle electrodes of the type first proposed by Adrian and Bronk (2). Recently as electromyographic studies of normal functions have expanded and as the number of electrodes to be placed in a single subject at one time have increased a more flexible system has become necessary. Therefore several laboratories have devised fine indwelling wire electrodes for special applications. Here we describe a convenient and highly reliable bipolar electrode that once it is in place becomes completely painless to the subject. Indeed the human subject loses awareness of its presence. Thus many electrodes can be implanted used for several hours and then painlessly withdrawn with a minimum of fuss. Being bipolar these electrodes need ne bulky referencc electrodes ... schö

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