A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Music as Reinforcement for Education/Therapy Objectives

Journal/Book: Journal of Research in Music Education. 1996; 44: 105-33.

Abstract: This meta-analysis evaluated 208 variables derived from 98 studies incorporating music as a contingency for education and therapeutic objectives. Found that the overall benefits attributable to contingent music were almost three standard deviations greater thancontrol/baseline conditions. The results demonstrated that contingent music was more effective that contingent nonmusic stimuli used in these studies and more effective than continuous music. Includes 113 references.

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