The relation of instrumentality and expressiveness to self-concept and adjustment: A social context perspective

Author(s): Zand, D., Smalley, R.

Journal/Book: J Soc Clin Psychol. 1996; 15: 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. Guilford Press. 167-190.

Abstract: Previous studies of relations between gender-linked functioning (i.e., instrumentality and expressiveness) and self-concept and adjustment have taken a personality trait approach and have found little support for the balance, main effect, or emergent interaction models of androgyny. We argue that associations between androgynous functioning and self-concept and adjustment should be studied from a social context perspective that takes into account social cues and pressures for instrumentality and expressiveness within life settings. The Social Expectations Scale was developed to measure setting-specific perceived social expectations for instrumentality and expressiveness. Study participants (168 women and 121 men) completed the Social Expectations Scale and measures of self-concept and adjustment associated with one of three life settings-family, school, or work. Results supported the emergent interaction model of androgyny.

Note: Article JE Stake, Univ Missouri, Dept Psychol, 8001 Nat Bridge Rd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA

Keyword(s): SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ANDROGYNY; MASCULINITY; FEMININITY; ESTEEM; WOMEN; DIMENSIONS; BEHAVIOR; HEALTH

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