Integrating music in breathing training and relaxation: I. Background, rationale, and relevant elements

Journal/Book: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1990; 15: 161-9.

Abstract: Quasiformal reports of widespread use of music in counterarousal techniques abound despite little evidence of its psychophysiological effects. Some known effects are presented here, and they suggest, among other things, an influence on hemispheric dominance, changes in autonomic nervous system activity, and relaxation by paradoxical arousal patterns contrary to those in cognitive function and anxiety. Hypothetical subcortical reflexes are postulated as mediators. Different types of music and their effect are described. Of particular relevance is that some forms of music have been reliably shown to have a profound beneficial effect on breathing. Psychophysiological observations, especially PETCO2 and EEG, during relaxation training with deep-diaphragmatic breathing and mental imagery, suggest that the addition of certain types of music "deepens" breathing and quickens relaxation: PETCO2 "normalizes" with decreased respiration rate, and EEG shows decreased average theta and increased alpha. The combined psychophysiological indices suggest that music potentiates the hypometabolic counterarousal state. And clients unanimously report that they enjoy it.

Keyword(s): Anxiety therapy; Biofeedback Psychology. Breathing Exercises;. Human; Middle Age; Psychophysiology. Hyperventilation therapy; Music Therapy; Relaxation. Case Report; Female; Human

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