J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989 Dec; 12(6): 440-5.

Intra- and interobserver reliability of passive motion palpation of the lumbar spine.

Mootz RD, Keating JC, Kontz HP, Milus TB, Jacobs GE.

Palmer College of Chiropractic-West, Sunnyvale, CA 94087.

Sixty student volunteers were assessed for fixation in the lumbar spine using a passive motion palpation protocol. Subjects were examined in random order by two experienced chiropractors. Every subject was evaluated twice by each examiner. Fixations were judged present or absent for each of five lumbar motion segments. Moderate test-retest agreement beyond chance was noted at L1/2, minimal reliability at L4/5, and no significant agreement within examiners was detected for mid-lumbar segments. Interexaminer agreement beyond chance was poor for all segments assessed. When segments were grouped regionally and re-evaluated, some increase in intrarater agreement was evident, especially at L4/5/S, but interrater agreement was still absent.