Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1985 ; 136(3): 81-95.

[The shaman: witness of an old culture--is it revivable?]

Scharfetter C.

The shaman concentrates a multitude of functions in the presecularized culture. In it disease is, as any experience of reality, hierophania, manifestation of transcendence. The shaman is a specialist in producing and managing altered states of consciousness. The constitutive criteria of shamanism are discussed. In the social network the shaman is a central and marginal "gestalt" at the same time, ambivalent for his community. In the postshamanic culture derivatives of shamanism and non-inspirational healers (naturalists) are active. Corresponding to the mystic concept of illness the various healing techniques of the shaman are intended to reestablish a harmonized cooperation with transintelligible powers. The therapeutic efficacy appears unsatisfactory inasfar severe somatic or psychic disorders are concerned. Empirical medicine still lacks a culturadequate holistic concept of illness offering a basis for sufficient treatment of psychosocially determined disorders.