The effect of contingent background music on inappropriate bus behavior

Author(s): McElfresh, C. T., Rice, S. V., inappropriate-bus-behavior.

Journal/Book: Journal of Music therapy. 1978; Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. National Association for Music therapy 8455 Colesville Rd., Suite 930 20910 Silver Spring, Maryland USA. journal article.

Abstract: The influence of contingent music on the fighting and out-of-seat behavior of emotionally disturbed children riding three school buses was the focus of this study. The procedure consisted of baseline without music, baseline with music, and contingent music introduced at weekly intervals on each bus. A 1-day reversal was instituted on the first bus. Percentages of time of inappropriate behavior for each bus each day were computed and plotted on graphs. The multiple baseline design clearly demonstrates that inappropriate behavior on the buses decreased with the use of contingent music.

Keyword(s): effect, contingent, contingent-music, background-music, music, emotional-disturbance, children.

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