Effects of a token system on attentiveness and punctuality in two string instrument classes

Author(s): Greenwald, M. Amelia

Journal/Book: Journal of Music Therapy. 1977; 14: 27-38.

Abstract: Conducted an experiment in a university laboratory school whose pupils represent various socioeconomic backgrounds. Ss were 21 7th graders in their 2nd yr class instruction in violin, viola, or cello; the 3 instruments were taught simultaneously in each class. Results show that the establishment of a token system increased appropriate ("on-task") behavior and punctuality of students in both of the classes and in individual class members. The implications of these findings for music therapy are pointed out. An additional recommendation of the system is its simplicity; it does not require changing the organization of the session. (17 ref)

Note: token system; attentiveness & punctuality; 7th graders in string instrument classes

Keyword(s): Token economy programs; attention ; student attitudes; junior high school students; music education; musical instruments; classroom behavior modification

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