Am J Psychiatry. 1975 Apr; 132(4): 378-84.

Psychotherapy: historical roots, universal elements, and cultural variations.

Tseng WS, Mcdermott JF.

The authors review various forms of traditional psychotherapeutic interventions to trace the historical development of psychotherapy, which demonstrates a shift in focus from the supernatural world, to the natural world, to the physical person, then to the psychological person. The basic processes of identifying problems, providing explanations, and prescribing for change are observed among various kinds of treatment systems. Universal elements fundamental to successful treatment can be identified in each of these processes, and each is strongly modified by cultural factors. The authors conclude that the special cultural dimension of psychotherapy consists of defining cultural norms, reinforcing culturally sanctioned coping mechanisms, and providing "time out" from usual cultural expectations.