The design and analysis of the observational study

Journal/Book: Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1975; 70: 503-520.

Abstract: In recent years the number of studies which attempt comparisons without adequate randomization has increased rapidly, particularly in disciplines and areas of research involving human populations. This article highlights some of the more important developments (and emerging needs) in the design and analysis of such investigations. It provides a historical overview of those techniques adapted to bias reduction, covers recent developments in contingency table analysis, particularly as this relates to the identification and estimation of pole bias components, and considers recent work an the statistical evaluation of methods of bias removal. Since it is clearly relevant to considerations of bias, pertinent work an measurement error is also included.

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The design and analysis of the observational study - a review