Music and self-esteem: Disadvantaged problem boys in an all-black elementary school

Author(s): Farrell, Dorothea M.

Journal/Book: Journal of Research in Music Education. 1973; 21: 80-84.

Abstract: 14 10-12 yr old black boys, referred to psychological services because of learning and behavioral problems, were given 15 biweekly 20-30 min ukulele lessons and reinforced for good behavior with candy and points counting toward earning the ukuleles. Comparison with a noncontact control group in the school's special education group showed no significant changes, although apparently there was some individual improvement. A follow-up one month later also showed no significant change in attention in classroom behavior.

Note: Using Smart Source Parsing Spr biweekly ukulele lessons & reinforcement for good behavior; classroom attention; 10 12 yr. old black boys with learning & behavior problems

Keyword(s): Classroom behavior modification; music therapy; classroom discipline; attention ; behavior problems; negroes ; school age children

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